Questões de Concurso

Atenção: As questões de números 53 a 60 referem-se ao texto abaixo.

Data mining
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Not to be confused with information extraction.

    Data mining is the process of extracting patterns from data. Data mining is seen as an increasingly important tool by modern business to transform data into an informational advantage. It is currently used in a wide range of profiling practices, such as marketing, surveillance, fraud detection, and scientific discovery.
    The related terms data dredging, data fishing and data snooping refer to the use of data mining techniques on sample portions of the larger population data set that are (or may be) too small for reliable statistical inferences to be made about the validity of any patterns discovered (see also data-snooping bias). These techniques can, however, be used in the creation of new hypotheses to test against the larger data populations.

    [edit] Background

    The manual extraction of patterns from data has occurred for centuries. Early methods of identifying patterns in data include Bayes' theorem (1700s) and regression analysis (1800s). The proliferation, ubiquity and increasing power of computer technology has increased data collection and storage. As data sets have grown in size and complexity, direct hands-on data analysis has increasingly been augmented with indirect, automatic data processing. This has been aided by other discoveries in computer science, such as neural networks, clustering, genetic algorithms (1950s), decision trees (1960s) and support vector machines (1980s). Data mining is the process of applying these methods to data with the intention of uncovering hidden patterns. It has been used for many years by businesses, scientists and governments to sift through volumes of data such as airline passenger trip records, census data and supermarket scanner data to produce market research reports. (Note, however, that reporting is not always considered to be data mining.)
    A primary reason for using data mining is to assist in the analysis of collections of observations of behaviour. Such data are vulnerable to collinearity because of unknown interrelations. An unavoidable fact of data mining is that the (sub-)set(s) of data being analysed may not be representative of the whole domain, and [CONJUNCTION] may not contain examples of certain critical relationships and behaviours that exist across other parts of the domain. To address this sort of issue, the analysis may be augmented using experiment-based and other approaches, such as Choice Modelling for humangenerated data. In these situations, inherent correlations can be either controlled for, or removed altogether, during the construction of the experimental design.

Atenção: As questões de números 56 a 60 referem-se ao texto abaixo

Windows 7 gets the basics right. Here's what you need to know
about the new OS.
Harry McCracken, PC World
Monday, October 19, 2009 2:00 pM

    The Windows experience occurs mainly in its Taskbar - especially in the Start menu and System Tray. Vista gave the Start menu a welcome redesign; in Windows 7, the Taskbar and the System Tray get a thorough makeover.
    Windows 7's revamped Taskbar introduces several new features and gives users much more control over how it looks.
    The new Taskbar replaces the old small icons and text labels for running apps with larger, unlabeled icons. If you can keep the icons straight, the new design painlessly reduces Taskbar clutter. If you don't like it, you can shrink the icons and/or bring the labels back.
    In the past, you could get one-click access to programs by dragging their icons to the Quick Launch toolbar. Windows 7 eliminates Quick Launch and folds its capabilities into the Taskbar. Drag an app's icon from the Start menu or desktop to the Taskbar, and Windows will pin it there, so you can launch the program without rummaging around in the Start menu. You can also organize icons in the Taskbar by moving them to new positions.
    To indicate that a particular application on the Taskbar is running, Windows draws a subtle box around its icon - ...56... subtle, in fact, that figuring out [CONJUNCTION] the app is running can take a moment, especially if its icon sits between two icons for running apps.
    In Windows Vista, hovering the mouse pointer over an application's Taskbar icon produces a thumbnail window view known as a Live Preview. But when you have multiple windows open, you see only one preview at a time. Windows 7's version of this feature is slicker and more efficient: Hover the pointer on an icon, and thumbnails of the app's windows glide into position above the Taskbar, so you can quickly find the one you're looking for. (The process would be even simpler if the thumbnails were larger and easier to decipher.)
    Also new in Windows 7's Taskbar is a feature called Jump Lists. These menus resemble the context-sensitive ones you get when you right-click within various Windows applications, except that you don't have to be inside an app to use them. Internet Explorer 8's Jump List, for example, lets you open the browser and load a fresh tab, initiate an InPrivate stealth browsing session, or go directly to any of eight frequently visited Web pages. Non-Microsoft apps can offer Jump Lists, too, if their developers follow the guidelines for creating them.
    Other Windows 7 interface adjustments are minor, yet so sensible that you may wonder why Windows didn't include them all along. Shove a window into the left or right edge of the screen and it'll expand to fill half of your desktop. Nudge another into the opposite edge of the screen, and it'll expand to occupy the other half. That makes comparing two windows' contents easy. If you nudge a window into the top of the screen, it will maximize to occupy all of the display's real estate.

(Adapted from http://www.pcworld.com/article/172602/windows_7_review.html)

Atenção: As questões de números 56 a 60 referem-se ao texto abaixo

WINDOWS 7 REVIEW
Windows 7 gets the basics right. Here's what you need to know about the new OS.
Harry McCracken, PC World
Monday, October 19, 2009 2:00 pm

    What if a new version of Windows didn't try to dazzle you? What if, instead, it tried to disappear except when you needed it? Such an operating system would dispense with glitzy effects in favor of low-key, useful new features. Rather than pelting you with alerts, warnings, and requests, it would try to stay out of your face. And if any bundled applications weren't essential, it would dump 'em.
    It's not a what-if scenario. Windows 7, set to arrive on new PCs and as a shrinkwrapped upgrade on October 22, has a minimalist feel and attempts to fix annoyances old and new. In contrast, Windows Vista offered a flashy new interface, but its poor performance, compatibility gotchas, and lack of compelling features made some folks regret upgrading and others refuse to leave Windows XP.
    Windows 7 is hardly flawless. Some features feel unfinished; others won't realize their potential without heavy lifting by third parties. And some long-standing annoyances remain intact. But overall, the final shipping version I test-drove appears to be the worthy successor to Windows XP that Vista never was.

(Adapted from http://www.pcworld.com/article/172602/windows_7_review.html

Atenção: As questões de números 16 a 20 referem-se ao texto seguinte.

Some Tips for Microsoft Word and Excel

    When I need help with Office, I don't click the help button on the upper right of the ribbon− I go to Google or Bing. Curiously, Google is more likely than Bing to send me to useful pages at Microsoft.com.
    Here are some tips, therefore, on convenient ways to do things that Office doesn't offer much guidance about, either on its menu or on its ill-conceived online help system, which has a bad habit of not telling me what I need to know.
    Whatever your level of Word and Excel expertise, you'll find a technique worth remembering among these tips.

Use Word to Write and Post to Your Blog

    Word 2010 includes a feature that lets you post to a blog directly from Word's editing screen. Here's how it works. From Word's File menu, choose New, ...1... select Blog Post from the gallery of document types. Word opens a document with a placeholder title, a horizontal line, and an empty space for typing your blog post. Type in a title and a posting, and click Publish on the Blog Post tab of the Ruler. The first time you post, a wizard will walk you through the process of entering your blog's URL, your username, and your password. Click OK and your posting appears on your blog. The Ribbon also includes a Manage Accounts button that lets you revise or add to your list of hosting sites.
    Microsoft seems to have lost interest in this feature, because it no longer works reliably with some services, such as Blogger, and continues to list Windows Live Spaces as a provider though Windows Live Spaces no longer exists. But the blog post feature is smooth as silk with other services, such as WordPress. (Here's a funny coincidence: Blogger is owned by Google; WordPress partners with Microsoft.) Microsoft wants you to use its free Windows Live Writer instead of Word, but I prefer not to clutter my disk with multiple programs when a single one gets the job done.

(Adapted from http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2379207,00.asp#)

Atenção: As questões de números 16 a 20 referem-se ao texto seguinte.

Ten Tips for Microsoft Word and Excel

Our latest tips tell you how to make Microsoft Office 2010's word processor and spreadsheet apps perform some handy tricks that Microsoft has documented poorly.

By Edward Mendelson

    PCMag.com's Microsoft Office 2010 tips collection continues, this time with ten tips for Word and Excel users. Most of these tips are fairly straightforward, and most apply to the most recent versions of Office. Some of them, however, offer new twists for the latest version of Office. Expert users will be familiar with some of these ten tips, but we hope that any user will find at least a few of these to be useful.
    What kind of tips am I talking about this time? Finding ways to perform poorly documented functions in Word and Excel. One of these tips, for example, tells you what to do when Word inserts a horizontal line across the page when you only wanted to type a few dashes. In the past few months, everyone in my family has tried and failed to wrestle an unwanted horizontal line out of a Word document. It might not sound like a big issue, but once you've got it in your document, good luck finding help from Microsoft on how to get rid of it.
    Some software vendors, like Adobe, continue to provide help systems that work like improved versions of traditional software manuals. In those apps, every menu item, every toolbar icon, is carefully explained, and with a little patience you can find all the information you need. Microsoft, ...1... , provides you with a kind of information supermarket, with huge essays about topics you don't care about, dozens of selections when you only need one, and no consistent way to find the information you want.

Combine Portrait and Landscape Pages in a Word Document

    Microsoft Word expects you to organize your documents in a highly-structured but not very intuitive way. If you want to format most of a document in portrait mode, but one or two pages in landscape, you [modal] simply change the orientation of the current page. Instead you need to insert a section break before and after the text you want to format in landscape mode, and then apply landscape orientation to the section that you created. Place the insertion point at the point where you want landscape orientation to begin. On the Page Layout tab, choose Breaks, then, under Section Breaks, choose New Page. Then move the insertion point to the end of the text you want to format in landscape, and insert the same kind of break. Then put the insertion point anywhere between the two breaks; return to the Page Layout tab, and click the down-pointing arrow at the lower right of the Page Setup group. In the Page Setup dialog, on the Margins tab, select Landscape orientation, then go to the "Apply to" dropdown and select This Section.

(Adapted from http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817, 2379207,00.asp#)